At their height, the Aztecs ruled 5 million people via a tightly-structured system of self-supporting units called calpulli. This triple alliance conquered smaller cultures to the east and west until the Aztec empire spanned Mexico from the Pacific Ocean to the Gulf Coast. The Aztecs, the last of pre-Columbian Mexico’s great native civilizations, rose to prominence in the central valley of Mexico around 1427 by partnering with the Toltecs and Mayans. The Mayan civilization collapsed in the early 10th century, likely due to overpopulation and the resultant damage to the ecological balance. The ceremonial center of Mayan cities featured plazas surrounded by tall temple pyramids and lower buildings called “palaces.” Religion played a central role in Mayan life, and altars were carved with significant dates, histories and elaborate human and divine figures. They developed a calendar and writing system and built cities that functioned as hubs for the surrounding farming towns. The Mayans, widely considered to be pre-Columbian America’s most brilliant civilization, thrived between approximately 250 and 900 A.D. The empire of Teotihuacán was overthrown in the 7th century, but the spectacular city survives today. At its zenith, with a population estimated at 200,000, the civilization is thought to have controlled a large portion of southern Mexico. The civilization that built it is also called Teotihuacán, and the influence of this culture can be seen throughout the Veracruz and Mayan regions. and 700 A.D., Teotihuacán, the largest pre-Columbian city in the Americas, was constructed near present-day Mexico City.
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Monte Albán, home to the Zapotec people, had an estimated 10,000 inhabitants. Historyīy 300 B.C., villages based on agriculture and hunting had sprung up throughout the southern half of Mexico. Reminders of the colonial past are evident in the architecture of towns like Taxco and Querétaro. In addition, many pre-Columbian ruins still exist throughout Mexico, including the ancient city of Teotihuacán and the Mayan pyramids at Chichén Itzá and Tulum. Many of Mexico’s rural areas are still inhabited by indigenous people whose lifestyles are quite similar to those of their ancestors. Despite the political and social changes that have occurred over the centuries, evidence of past cultures and events are apparent everywhere in Mexico. It is the third largest country in Latin America and has one of the largest populations-more than 100 million-making it the home of more Spanish speakers than any other nation in the world. Culture: Arts & Music – Theater & Film – LiteratureĪ country rich in history, tradition and culture, Mexico is made up of 31 states and one federal district.